Week 10 Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse Assignment

Week 10 Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse - Assignment Example nurses to recognize that they should expose themselves to opportunities that allow them to take part in policymaking, as well as to influence changes that will improve the country’s healthcare system (Kjervik & Brous, 2010). In the second passage, the writer is equally up to the task of briefly discussing the influence that a nurse has in outcomes in healthcare using ethical models and frameworks in solving ethical and moral dilemmas. With regards to the role of ethics, many nurses are faced with practice dilemmas when it comes to situations that involve individual care for the patient (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010). The writer, however, should have gone further to mention the manner in which ethical justice principles should guide equal and fair treatment for all patients and how nurses have to deal with the consequences that arise due to a limitation in societal and organizational financial resources (Grace, 2009). As aptly covered by the writer, the skills and knowledge of a nurse are essential factors that contribute to a practicing nurse’s ability to influence patient care in a way that is

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 379

Assignment Example As much as physical capital is important to an organization, the intellectual capital carries the same weight in an organization performance. The knowledge and skills held by the employee matter most in a firm productivity. The employees need to work with each other as well as the physical capital to bring out output hence productivity. Without employee input, there will be no results. It is therefore, necessary for the employees to have necessary skills and knowledge. According to Organizational Learning Perspective, gone are the days when the physical capacity determined the organization ability to achieve its goals. In this model, the knowledge and skills are the major in gradient that can help an organization achieve its goals. One classic case is how Google Company managed to be a top performer by hiring talents, skills and knowledge in the employees. Additionally, the intellectual capacity model states that the knowledge held by the employees help in running of the organization. The employee coordinates activities within an organization. It is, therefore, the knowledge held by the skilled labor that helps move things around. If the employees leave, then they leave with such knowledge and can affect the company performance. Corporate social responsibility is trending in the business world today. A company becomes more competitive if it engages in CSR and hence the need for any organization to implement these polices. Nevertheless, the conflict between company between company CSR and stakeholders cannot be ruled out. If the leaders pay attention more to the stakeholders, they may forget to take care of CSR that plays an integral role in productivity putting an organization in a risk â€Å"Shock events† are common phenomena in the workplace. The situation arises due to myriad of reasons but one thing that is common for sure is that, the situations generate emotional pressure whereby one feels better without that job. I had one experience

Attachment Theory And Implications For Therapeutic Counselling Social Work Essay

Attachment Theory And Implications For Therapeutic Counselling Social Work Essay Outline your understanding of attachment theory and describe the implications of this for therapeutic counselling? Illustrate your answer with reference to clinical work. Consider the implications of this theory in a modern society, which has many alternative family structures. Introduction: What is early attachment theory? John Bowlby originally proposed attachment theory and defined attachment as any form of behavior that results in a person attaining or retaining proximity to some other differentiated and preferred individual, usually conceived as stronger and/or wiser (Bowlby, 1973, p. 292). Attachment or bonding is the developing relationship to parents, a carer or carers and is necessary for ordinary development. Childrens attachments can have an impact on the rest of their lives. Attachment behaviours begin early in life. This trusting relationship which is developed in infancy forms the foundation for a childs development. If children have a secure attachment, they will grow up to view the world as a safe place and they will be able to develop other emotions. However, children who experience early separation and loss will express this through their behaviour. A secure attachment will lead to better general coping skills, and the cost of insecure attachment may lead to isolation (Bowlby, 1969). In this essay I will present material about attachment theory. I will explore the different views and my aim is to relate it to clinical work. My illustrations will be drawn from theory and personal experience. Theory: According to Vera Fahlberg (1988) the most common causes of attachment problems, the highest risk being in the first two years of life, are sudden or traumatic separation from primary caretaker through death, illness, hospitalisaton of caretaker, or removal of child from the care of the established attachment figure/figures. Furthermore, she claims there are other causes for attachment problems which include physical, emotional or sexual abuse, neglect of physical or emotional needs, illness or pain that cannot be alleviated by caretaker, and frequent moves and/or placements i.e. foster care, adoptions and changes of caretaker within the family setting. John Bowlby (1988) believes if no bond or attachment is formed during early life the child is more likely to be unstable and anxious as an adult. The work of John Bowlby seems to have been the most influential in attachment theory and I feel Bowlby highlights the important implications for the counselling relationship. Before Bowlby the behaviour of infants to seek attachment with adults was thought to be about an instinct to search for food (Bee, 1999). Bee (1999, p. 42) cites Freud (1856-1939) as saying love has its origin in attachment to the satisfied need for nourishment. Freud suggested that the baby forms a bond with its mother by satisfying its hunger. He calls this stage of development the oral stage which begins soon after birth. Freud believes if the child satisfies this related need then it should promote a feeling of pleasure therefore, returning to a comfortable state (Bee, 1999). However, according to Fahlberg there is some evidence that the social needs are more important to the attachment process than meeting the physical needs. Fahlberg refers to Ainsworths (1913-1999) 1952 findings, social interactions, not routine care, are the most important part of mothering (Fahlberg, 1988, p.27). Erikson (1902-1994) however, shared most of Freuds basic assumptions, but differed between inner instincts, and outer cultural and social demands. Unlike Freud who placed central emphasis on inner instincts. However, Erikson named his developmental stages as psychosocial stages as he believes a person goes through different stages through their lives. To be able to reach self acceptance they must first fully develop each stage. If this does not happen then problems will arise (Bee, 1999). According to Bee (1999) Erikson describes the first stage as basic trust versus mistrust. Bee went on to say Erikson believed that the behaviour of the major caregiver (usually the mother) is critical to the childs establishment of basic sense of trust. (p.45). Therefore, if the caregiver responds to the child consistently, in a way the child has become accustomed, and responds in a loving and predictable way, then trust will develop. However, he believes if that doesnt happen, and the child has had inconsistent care then mistrust may develop, which may lead to anxiety. Erikson believed that development went on through the entire life span, as the child, and then the adult developing a sense of ever-changing identity (Bee, 1999). However, John Bowlby disregarded these theories of attachment, believing instead that the process was much more complicated. He put forward the idea that babies look for physical closeness, comfort, food and familiar interaction (Bowlby, 1988). The young childs hunger for his mothers love and presence is as great as his hunger for food (Bowlby, 1969, preface xiii) John Bowlby brought this concept to the fore and as Robert Karen states in his book, Becoming Attached, Bowlbys theory was bold, full of common sense, speculative but grounded in science, and threatening to the older views (1998, p.101). However, all three theorists seem to agree that healthy secure attachments are very important for human development. Attachment helps the child: attain full intellectual potential; sort out what he or she perceives; think logically develop a conscience; become self-reliant; cope with stress and frustration; handle fear and worry; develop future relationships; reduce jealousy. (Fahlberg, 1988, p.13) According to Ainsworth (1913-1999), attachment is an affectional bond that has been established by having a continuous loving and caring relationship with another human being. an affectional bond is a long enduring emotional tie to a specific individual (Leather, 2004, pp.21-25). Studies of children raised in institutions have shown that adequate physical care is not enough. A primary person to whom the child can become attached, who responds to the childs needs and who initiates positive activities with the child is indispensable. Attachments are formed by the constant repetition of two very positive cycles of interaction: The arousal relaxation cycle and The positive interaction cycle Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together. (Practice Series: 17) British Agencies for Adoption Fostering: The following diagram illustrates a successful interaction between the caregiver and child. The child cries because of its need for food, caregiver feeds the child, the child becomes calm, therefore the childs needs have been met which will then establish a secure and trusting attachment. This cycle must be completed to ensure a healthy development. Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together (p. 25) The next diagram illustrates the positive interactions between caregiver and child. The caregiver interacts and plays with the child, meeting social needs, the child responds, therefore building a childs confidence. Fahlberg, V. (1988) Fitting the Pieces Together (p. 27) If the babys needs are not met consistently then the baby doesnt develop trust, becomes full of rage and perceives the world as a dangerous place. This is then carried through into adulthood, causing feelings of insecurity through to sociopathic behaviour depending on the degree of mistreatment or abandonment for the individual (Fahlberg, 1998). The three patterns of attachment are: Secure Attachment exploration from secure base active seeking of contact upon reunion. Anxious/Avoidant Attachment independent exploration active avoidance upon reunion. Anxious/Resistant Attachment Poverty of Exploration Difficulty separating on reunion. Source: Mary Ainsworth (1979).Research. Jeremy Holmes stated in his book John Bowlby Attachment Theory, Mary Ainsworth (1982) first used the phrase secure base to describe the ambience created by the attachment figure for the attached person. The essence of the secure base is that it provides a springboard for curiosity and exploration. (Holmes, 1993, p. 70) John Bowlby believed that a secure base was the most important aspect of parenting a central feature of my concept of parenting, the provision by both parents of a secure base from which a child or an adolescent can make sorties into the outside world (Bowlby, 1988, p.11). Cultural Implications: Studies in other countries support Ainsworths belief that some form of secure base is needed for all infants, however, there are indications that behaviour may have to be interpreted differently in other cultures. According to Helen Bee (1999, p.192) German researchers, for example, have suggested that an insecure/avoidant classification in their culture may reflect not indifference by mothers, but explicit training towards greater independence in the baby (Grossmann, Grossmann, Spangler, Suess, Unzner, 1985). Furthermore, in Japan a greater valuing of emotional interdependence is associated with limited separation experiences, therefore heightening the distress experienced by many Japanese infants (Harwood, Miller Irizarry 1995. p.14) Therefore, it would appear that the infant behaves in a manner that responds to the maternal behavior that is both intuitive and reflective of the behaviour in its community. It is stated in Helen Bees book The Growing Child some form of secure base behaviour occurs in every child, in every culture. (1999, p.192). Bee says, we have a long way to go to understand how cultural differences affect the development of children but they form a significant backdrop for all development and to understand nurture, we must first understand the part culture plays (1999). Children are born into a diverse range of family structures and these structures may change during the course of childhood. Attachment theory highlights the role of the primary caregiver and in the process puts the spotlight on the person who is most likely to undertake this role in our society the mother. This can lead to argue against mothers working. Wyse (2004) states, Once the child has developed an attachment they will protest at separation from that preferred person and will show fear of strangers (p. 23). However, Vera Fahlberg says the attachment figure does not have to be the childs mother. The initial bonding can be the father or even an adoptive or foster mother, as long as the care is consistent during the early years of development. Of course there are many alternative family structures and views have changed over the years. Many people feel marriage is outdated and prefer to just live together. There also is the difficulty that surrounds divorce and the impact this has on young children. According to Robert Banton Jack Straw, the home secretary, stated in a document called Supporting Families (1998) changes in family organization we have mentioned are really linked to the social problems (2004, p.33). With rising divorce rates, social acceptance of sexual relations outside marriage and single sex partnerships will all have an impact on the way in which children are raised and by whom. I believe parenting practices have a greater effect on children than marital status. I divorced my husband when my children were still at school. I maintained a healthy relationship with my ex-husband because I felt it was important for the children to still see us as a family unit. I was determined that my children had constant access to their father and that he played a part in their upbringing. This has certainly had an impact on my children and they often said it was a better arrangement than two unhappy people living together. Blakeslee Wallerstein stated in their book Second chances: Men, women and children a decade after divorce when referring to children from divorced families, They fear betrayal. They fear abandonment. They fear loss. They draw an inescapable conclusion: Relationships have a high likelihood of being untrustworthy; betrayal and infidelity are probable (1989, p. 55). Although my children experienced the trauma of divorce, I feel I kept that disruption to a minimum. Clinical references and Personal insight: Following the birth of my first child, I chose to go back to work when she was six weeks old. Childcare was shared out between my husband, my cousin and my aunty and this situation continued for some time. I then made the decision to send my daughter to nursery when she was three, but she would not settle and screamed hysterically when I left her. When I picked her up she would cling to my legs and cry if I talked to anyone on the journey home. This seems to follow the pattern of insecure attachment. In Dominic Wyses book, Childhood Studies an Introduction, Leather cites stages of separation behaviour as observed by Robertson and Robertson may be unwilling to trust parent if/when they return, or may become very clingy and refuse to let parent leave them in any situation (2004, p.23). However, my daughter is now in her late twenties, she suffers from periodic bouts of depression and anxiety attacks. She doesnt seem to be able to settle into long term relationships, but in spite of that, in her working environment she is a confident adult holding a managerial position. I feel however, my daughter has inherited traits from her father as he suffers with bouts of depression; furthermore, two of his siblings have had a mental breakdown. Leather says, children take traits from both the mother and father such as physical features, but they can also inherit illnesses (2004) There is now a large body of evidence saying that children are capable of forming attachments to two or three caregivers and if the care arrangements are of good quality, and the quality of parenting has been established, then the child stands to benefit. Furthermore, Fahlberg says, it is not unusual to share the job of mothering and that the child, providing the quality of care is good and that it is consistent, can do just as well as those attached to one caregiver (1994). My daughters carers were consistently part of her growing up therefore; I feel the hereditary factor does play its part in her development. However, after my son was born I chose to give up my job and stay at home. My son didnt experience separation from me as an infant until the age of four when he settled into nursery with no problems. As an adult he seems to cope much better with stress and frustration and he is extremely confident and self reliant. This seems to bear out the positive effects of attachment therefore, highlighting that the relationship formed in early development seems to create a prototype for future relationships. It is interesting to reflect on my own parenting. My mother died when I was twelve and I became the little mother to my father and brother until my father died fifteen months later. This has left me with my own insecurities to deal with. According to Bowlby women who have lost their parents at an early age not only are they likely to have marital problems, after the birth of a child, they can also have difficulty interacting with their child (Bowlby, 1988). Unfortunately, as I said earlier my marriage did breakdown, but I dont believe I had difficulty interacting with my child. On the contrary, I feel I was over protective, because of loosing my parents, and I was anxious for my daughter. This may have contributed to my daughters dependency on me. Furthermore, I take into account that she was the first-born and therefore she had been the sole recipient of my attention. It would have been a different experience for her brother. Through personal development I am aware I have carried through, into adulthood, a lot of unresolved issues. There have been moments where I have felt a great dependence on my therapist and I worked very hard being the perfect client for my therapist to accept me. However, through exploration of my own attachment history I was able to recognise why I felt this dependency and need for acceptance. As my relationship with my therapist grows I feel I am able to be more honest about my feelings. I believe it is through establishing this warm trusting relationship I am able to work towards self acceptance, and as my confidence grows I feel more comfortable with who I am, therefore I no longer feel a need to please others to earn acceptance. This has highlighted how a client, with similar insecurities, may feel in the therapeutic relationship. Like me, the client will bring his own history into the counselling relationship and I feel the therapist needs to be able to acknowledge, with a deep understanding the insecurities the client may be feeling. I feel it is important to explore the clients relational history to establish whether there may be an issue of dependency. It was not easy to explore negative feelings that have been buried for so many years, but my therapist was able to provide a safe space for this to happen. Therefore, although I had my secure base ripped from under me at an early age, I feel my therapy is now my secure base where I can unravel my history and make some sense of it. This intimate relationship I have established with my therapist has allowed me to challenge, explore and take risks with the confidence of feeling accepted. intimate attachments to other human beings are the hub around which a persons life revolves, not only when he is an infant or a toddler or a school child but throughout his adolescence and his years of maturity as well, and into old age (Bowlby, 1980, p. 422). Conclusion: There seems to be an agreement between all the theorists that a secure attachment between a mother and infant is the ideal first relationship, and that relationship is of primary importance. Feeling secure and having your needs met by a consistent caregiver, within all cultures during the early years, is imperative to a healthy development. I feel attachment is the same across all societies, and that fundamentally all children need a secure base. Relationships are of fundamental importance in: the development of personality and sense of self; the difficulty clients bring to therapy (relations with the self and relations with other people); the therapeutic process (the therapy relationship is the heart of the process) Paul, S. and Pelham, G. (2000, pp. 110 -126). Relationships are important for our wellbeing. Whilst attachment types have helped me to understand my history, they have also helped me to understand the important elements for development. Attachment is about a close relationship, and its impact last from cradle to grave. It is now accepted that this relationship can be with more than one person as long as the care is affectionate, consistent, and provides a secure base. It is also agreed that separation from the caregiver during infancy will predict how an individual forms relationships as an adult. As a counsellor it is important to be aware of the different attachment behaviours to be able to provide that secure base from which the client can explore his/her own relationship history. Therefore, the counsellor needs to be able to provide support with deep understanding, Bowlby says,.it is the emotional communications between a patient and his therapist that play the crucial part (Bowlby, 1988, p.156)

Clyde Edgerton: Vietnam Vet, Jet Pilot, and . . . Small Town Housewife

Clyde Edgerton: Vietnam Vet, Jet Pilot, and . . . Small Town Housewife Few men have attempted to write using a woman's voice. Those who do choose to use the persona of a woman often fail in their effort, creating a character who does not quite sound authentic. Critics usually note the author's inadequacies and point out difficulties when an author tries to capture the voice of a person of the opposite gender. One exception is Clyde Edgerton in his first novel, Raney. The voice of Raney seems genuine and Edgerton received great acclaim for his novel. Public acceptance of Edgerton speaking as a young woman may be attributed to a number of factors involving the attitudes of the author, of the character, and of critics. Those who have interviewed Edgerton and reviewed his books are nearly all men. The one notable exception is author Barbara Kingsolver, who reviewed The Floatplane Notebooks in the New York Times Book Review. Not only does she neglect to take Edgerton to task for his use of a woman narrator in part of that novel, but she praises him generously and compares him to Jane Austen. Kingsolver obviously feels Edgerton can speak creditably as a woman, and she goes so far as to feel he is worthy to keep company with highly respected woman authors. Another consideration may be that most critics have not yet found Edgerton. Raney was his first novel and he has not written another entirely from a womanà ¾s point of view. His later works usually rotate among a large number of narrators, from a delinquent teenage boy to a wisteria vine in a family cemetery to a determined dog. If he had persisted in focusing upon women narrators as he became better known, he might have attracted more attention for that aspect of his work. .. ...ete with blind spots and inconsistencies, and so is her male counterpart, Charles, who just might flush a cabbage core down the toilet, causing expensive plumbing problems. No one individual or gender is portrayed as perfection; all the characters are feeling their way down life's corridors. That seems to make Raney a good example of the human race rather than a representative of a gender issue. Works Cited Edgerton, Clyde. Raney. New York: Ballantine, 1985. Kingsolver, Barbara. 'The Floatplane Notebooks." Rev. of The Floatplane Notebooks by Clyde Edgerton. New York Times Book Review. 9 Oct. 1988:10. Kozikowski, Thomas. "Clyde Edgerton." Contemporary Authors. Ed. Susan Trotsky. Vol. 134. Detroit: Dale Research, 1992. Robbins, Kenn. "A Conversation with Clyde Edgerton." The Southern Quarterly: A Journal of the Arts in the South. 30.1 (1991): 58-69.

Chem 101 Lab Report 2 Essay

Mixtures are made up of substances or components. If the mixture is fairly uniform in composition, properties, and its overall appearance, it is homogenous. If the component parts are clearly separated, it is heterogeneous. In order to identify the components in a mixture, methods must be used to sort out the components. However, the same methods will not work for sorting all substances. Four different processes would be employed to sort soluble and insoluble components in the following experiment. Introduction Matter that people encounter in everyday life consists of mixtures of different substances. Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity and therefore the original properties are maintained. The substances making up a mixture are called its components. According to our General Chemistry book, there are two types of mixtures; homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are those that are uniform in composition, properties, and appearance throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures do not have the same composition, properties and appearance. Mixtures are characterized by two different properties: each of the substances in the mixture retains its chemical identity and mixtures are separable into these components by physical means, from heating, freezing, drying, etc. If one of the substances in a mixture exceeds the amounts of the other substances in the mixture you call it an impure substance and the other substances in th e mixture are impurities. The preparation of compounds usually involves their separation or isolation from reactants or other impurities. The separation of the components of mixtures is based upon the fact that each component has different physical properties. The components of mixtures are always pure substances, either compounds or elements and each pure substance will possess a unique set of properties. Similarly, every crystal of a pure substance melts at a specific temperature and a given pressure, and every pure substance boils at a specific temperature and a given pressure. There are four different methods of separation depending upon differences in physical properties. They are decantation, filtration, extraction, sublimation. In decantation, a liquid is separated from a solid by gently pouring the liquid from the solid so the only the solid remains in the container. Filtration is the process of separating a solid from a liquid by using a porous substance (a filter). Filtration allows the liquid but not the solid to pass through, again, leaving behind the insoluble substance. Extraction separates a substance from a mixture by choosing to dissolve that substance in a suitable solvent (usually water). Sublimation happens when a solid passes directly to the gaseous state and back to the solid state without passing through the intermediary liquid state. Material and Methods ï‚ · Evaporating Dish ï‚ · Beaker ï‚ · 3.0 Grams of mixture (NH4Cl – ammonium chloride, NaCl – sodium chloride, SiO2 – silicon dioxide) ï‚ · Heat plate ï‚ · Balance ï‚ · Oven ï‚ · Stirring rod ï‚ · 15 mL water x 2 = 30 mL water 1. Obtain mass of evaporating dish. 2. Add 3.0 grams of mixture (NH4Cl – ammonium chloride, NaCl – sodium chloride, SiO2 – silicon dioxide) to the evaporating dish and weigh to obtain mass of evaporating dish and sample mixture. 3. Subtract mass of evaporating dish from mass of original sample to get mass of original sample. 4. Place dish with sample onto heat plate to sublime the NH4Cl. 5. Remove from heat to cool mixture then weigh again. The difference in mass of evaporating dish and sample prior to heating and after heating represents the amount of NH4Cl in the mixture. 6. Obtain mass of beaker using the balance. 7. Add 15 mL of H20 to the mixture in the evaporating dish and stir gently 8. Decant the liquid into the beaker making sure not to transfer any of the solid into the beaker. 9. Add another 15 mL of H20 to the mixture in the evaporating dish and stir gently. Decant the liquid again into the beaker making sure not to transfer any of the solid into the beaker to extract NaCl. 10. Place beaker with sodium chloride solution onto heat plate and heat until water evaporates. Remove from heat and allow to cool. Weigh beaker. Difference between this weight and the weight of the empty beaker is the amount of NaCL in the mixture. 11. Take evaporating dish with SiO4 and heat until dry in oven. Once dry, remove evaporating dish from oven and allow to cool. Obtain the mass of SiO2 by weighting the evaporating dish with cooled mixture and subtracting mass of empty evaporating dish obtained earlier. 12. Find percent of NH4Cl, NaCl, and SiO2 in mixture by taking mass of each substance and dividing by the mass of the original sample. Results: Separation of the Components of a Mixture A. Mass of Evaporating Dish and Original Sample 41.606 g Mass of evaporating dish 38.859 g Mass of original sample 2.747 g Mass of evaporating dish after subliming NH4Cl 41.466 g Mass of NH4Cl 0.14 g Percent of NH4Cl 5.096 % % NH4Cl = 0.14 g / 2.747 g * 100% = 5.096 % B. Mass of Evaporating Dish, Watch Glass and NaCl 106.521 g Mass of evaporating dish and beaker 105.214 g Mass of NaCl 1.307 g Percent of NaCl 45.32 % % NaCl = 1.307 g / 2.747 g * 100% = 45.32 % C. Mass of Evaporating Dish and SiO2 40.104 g Mass of evaporating dish 38.859 g Mass of SiO2 1.245 g Percent of SiO2 45.322 % % SiO2 = 1.245 g / 2.747 g * 100% = 45.322 % D. Mass of Original Sample 2.747 g Mass of determined (NH4Cl + NaCl + SiO2) 2.692 g Differences in these weights 0.055 g Percent recovery of matter 97.997 % % recovery of matter = 2.692g /2.747g = 97.997 % Account for our errors about 2% Discussion The first step in the experiment required using the oven to heat the mixture, with ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, and silicon dioxide in the evaporating dish, until â€Å"white fumes were no longer form[ed],† according to the lab description. The goal was to sublimate the ammonium chloride, as it is not water soluble. It took about fifteen minutes to sublimate the NH4Cl. The dish had to cool as well when it came out of the oven. The mass of the dish contents were weighed and subtracted from the mass off the starting mass of the dish and the original mixture. The result was the loss of NH4Cl. Errors could have resulted from incorrectly weighing the original and ending samples. If ample time was not given to the sublimating process, NH4Cl may not have completely left the dish, the weight would not just include the mass of the other two substances. The next stage required careful decantation and stirring to remove only the liquid into a separate dish. The goal was to leave b ehind the insoluble substance, sand, and pour off the soluble NaCl. It was possible to accidentally remove particles of sand into the solution, which would influence the mass calculation of the two dishes. If stirring was not rigorous enough and water was not repeatedly added to sort out the sand from the liquid, there was a potential for sand staying behind as well. The final stage was to use the heating unit to evaporate the water from the solution to leave behind NaCl. At the same time, the heating unit was used to dry the sodium chloride in another dish. A calculation was made between the mass of the empty evaporating dish and the watch glass to reveal the mass of NaCl. Errors at this stage probably resulted from inaccurate readings on the scale or not drying the samples completely. The final stage of the experiment was to isolate the sand and calculate its mass. By this late stage, any errors in measurement, timing and calculations would have trickled down to the final remaining substance. The percentage of accuracy of the three components in the experiment should total 99%. If the percentage was less than that, â€Å"you have been sloppy† according to the lab manual. Conclusion In this experiment, it became apparent that what appears to be a simple mixture of elements is really more complicated. Heterogeneous mixtures may appear to be random collections of single substances, but when they are sorted into their components, the homogeneous elements can be observed. This was the case with this experiment. The original mixture had three substances: NaCl, NH4Cl, and SiO2. By using four methods, decantation, filtration, extraction, and sublimation, the separate components in the mixture could be isolated and weighed. If proper techniques in weighing, and using the four methods of sorting were observed and applied, the result would be three separated substances and calculations that matched those substances. The final calculation confirmed that our three substances, when sorted out, would all combine to weigh something close to the original mixture. The margin of error was within 2% References Book: 1.Ebbing, Darrel, D.; Gammon, Steven D. General Chemistry. 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cenage Learning; 2009. 2. Beran, JA; Beran,JoAllen: Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ. Jon Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2009. 3.Katz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John. Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, Inc.; 2009. 4.Somervill, Barbara A. Mass and Weight. Chicago, IL: Capstone Global Library, Ltd.; 2010. Electronic book: Chem Wiki:The Dynamic Chemistry Textbook. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical-chemistry-html. Accessed August 29, 2013. Website: 1.Measuring Mass-Examples. http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/the disk/labtech/mass2.html. 2.Jefferson Lab. http://education.jlab.org/qa/mass-09.html.

Restaurant Service Basics

RESTAURANT SERVICE BASICS Serving means to be useful. The working life is full of market segments, products and service providers. Service providers are people who every day make use of their ability to relate to people, proper handling of vocabulary and perseverance. Service providers do not handle a physical product; they are people selling experiences and creating memorable moments for the client.This is the case of the servers who, despite being the intermediaries between the kitchen and the guest, are the front of the restaurant where they work, they are the image that represents the company, who make the customer experience become enjoyable. While it is true that a restaurant is renowned for the quality of its dishes, it is also true that if the servers do not provide good service, the restaurant will sell exquisite food, but poor service.Among other skills that a server should have are: the allocation of the tables, how to prepare the presentation of the tables and courtesies with guests like REMOVING the chair of the guests to sit, remembering the order to perfection, ensuring that nothing is missing while the guest IS waiting for his dish and of course, thank them for their visit and hope they come back soon. Servers are responsible to reflect a positive image, hygienic, reliable, and helpful. The servers fulfill tasks from loading trays and taking them to their respective tables, to ensure that the guest does not lack anything.In order to provide quality service, the servers must be trained and aware of the right way to serve the guest. In the world of restaurants there are seven forms of service. According to Sondra J. Dahmer author of â€Å"Restaurant Service Basics† in collaboration with Kurt W. Kahl, types that are serving in a restaurant are: French, American, English, Russian, Family-style, Banquet, and Buffet. Each of these services will depend on the rotation of the restaurant as well as the type of restaurant that they service in parti cular.Every restaurant has a unique identity depending on the amenities offered to guests; also the type of service will be defined by the consistency in menu, decor, uniforms, table settings, ambiance and cuisine. I would like to mention and share my reflections of the services. In my opinion, THESE are the most relevant and mentioned in the service sector, and of course in restaurants. The authors of this book share a brief description of those services which says: French service is a formal type of service enjoyed by the few who can afford the time and expense of meals served in this manner.This type of service is used in upscale restaurants, elegant hotel dining rooms, cruise ships, resorts, and casinos. In fact, French service not only is an expensive way to eat, but also is the most luxurious and ancient since the restaurants were created. On other hand they describe the Russian service as: Russian service is very formal and elegant, and the guest is given considerable persona l attention; employs the use of heavy silver serviceware, and the table setting is identical to the French setup.There are many similitudes between the French and the Russian service; the main difference is the way they serve the food, more specifically, the utensils Russian service uses are more elegant than the French ones. In the same way we have the English style that says: English service is used occasionally for a special dinner served in a private dining room of a restaurant. The food is served on platters and the heated plates are brought from the kitchen and placed before the host at the head of the table. English service is also as formal as French and Russian, but this service has also a way to serve the plates which is to the left.The next service is the American which says that it is the most prevalent style in restaurants in the United States: American service: food is placed on the dinner plate. Food is served from the left of the guest, beverages are served from the right, and soiled dishes are cleared from the right. American service also is more casual than French, Russian and English service; probably this is the feature that has made the American service in the form of the most popular services in the U. S. and around the world. And last but not least the buffet service; the most common type of service in many restaurants with all inclusive.Buffet service, guests select their meals from an attractive arrangement of food on long serving tables. Buffet service is the most common in hotels because it does not need a very personalized service, plus it gives the customer the freedom of Selecting not limited and serving many times as necessary. There is much that must be considered to select the type of service in a restaurant, so the management must make it clear the restaurant concept and the way it operates, with the servers that can provide the best quality service and create moments that the client will never forget.

The alternative sources of energy essays

The alternative sources of energy essays Nowadays,when a great progress of civilization is taking place, energy is the key to sustainable development.It has always been indispensable to most human activities such as domestic life, agriculture, industry and transport.Now it is a precious good but today's energy system is dominated by the powerful and centralized supply of fossil fuels.80% of them are consumed in industrialized countries and they account for 80% of carbon emissions-the main cause of the greenhouse effect.World population is expected to double by 2050 and the result will be that energy consumption will triple by the middle of the 21st century.One can imagine the level of environmental pollution resulting from several decades of demographic growth.The amount of needed energy will probably increase thanks to the development of technology and new equipment. We can help to change the course of events.First,the consumption of energyshould be saved and secondly,more flexible fuels(renewable energies)should be used.The new sources of energy are sun, wind. water, modern biomass(wood harvested in such waysas to avoid alterinf the forests).The development of these new sources offers a better access to energy service. Solar-thermal technologies that use mirrors or lenses to concentrate the sun's rays on the heatexchanger,are being incorporated in power plant projects in many countries in the worldElectricity is also produced by photovoltaic devices.They create no pollution and can be opetated almost anywhereand require little maintenance.This technology works economically and is not connected to national power plants. Biomass is another major alternative energy source.Burning of wood and straw gives biomass energy which is already used largely for cooking and heating in developing countries.But this way of gaining energy brings a lot of problems.eg.land degradation,deforestation. Nowadays,the hydroelectric power plants and wind power plants are also ...

Free Essays on Conflict Over Slave Expansion

There were many acts throughout the 1800’s that intensified the national conflict over the growth of slavery. Westward expansion, industrialization and immigration were all issues that brought about changes in society, which eventually led to more confrontations over the development of slavery. Two major political acts, the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas- Nebraska Act, both worked to resolve this issue. California’s population had grown so much that political leaders were quickly seeking statehood. This put California in the center of the debates over the issue of slave labor versus free labor. There were many different political groups emerging in the United States, all of which had different views on slavery and were looking to protect their social and economical interests. The Free Soil Party, Whig Party, and Congressional Democrats all had controversial opinions on the entrance of California into the union. After lengthy debates, Congress rejected the idea of allowing California to enter as either a free or slave state and instead formed a compromise. The Compromise of 1850 called for the passage of five separate bills: California would be admitted as a free state; slavery could not be restricted in any land acquired from Mexico; the federal government would assume Texas’s public debt in exchange for Texas yielding in its border dispute with New Mexico; slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C.; and a new Fugitive Slave Law would go into effect (WBA, 554). The intent of this act was to keep all political parties along with the public satisfied, maintain social and economic security in all areas, as well as preserve the unity of the states. Leaders of both major parties were satisfied with the compromise. They felt they had finally overcome the controversy about slavery and saved the Union from future conflict. Many farmers and workers also accepted the measures involved in the compromise. They, too, saw it ... Free Essays on Conflict Over Slave Expansion Free Essays on Conflict Over Slave Expansion There were many acts throughout the 1800’s that intensified the national conflict over the growth of slavery. Westward expansion, industrialization and immigration were all issues that brought about changes in society, which eventually led to more confrontations over the development of slavery. Two major political acts, the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas- Nebraska Act, both worked to resolve this issue. California’s population had grown so much that political leaders were quickly seeking statehood. This put California in the center of the debates over the issue of slave labor versus free labor. There were many different political groups emerging in the United States, all of which had different views on slavery and were looking to protect their social and economical interests. The Free Soil Party, Whig Party, and Congressional Democrats all had controversial opinions on the entrance of California into the union. After lengthy debates, Congress rejected the idea of allowing California to enter as either a free or slave state and instead formed a compromise. The Compromise of 1850 called for the passage of five separate bills: California would be admitted as a free state; slavery could not be restricted in any land acquired from Mexico; the federal government would assume Texas’s public debt in exchange for Texas yielding in its border dispute with New Mexico; slave trade would be abolished in Washington, D.C.; and a new Fugitive Slave Law would go into effect (WBA, 554). The intent of this act was to keep all political parties along with the public satisfied, maintain social and economic security in all areas, as well as preserve the unity of the states. Leaders of both major parties were satisfied with the compromise. They felt they had finally overcome the controversy about slavery and saved the Union from future conflict. Many farmers and workers also accepted the measures involved in the compromise. They, too, saw it ...

An Evaluation Of The Calvin Klein

An Evaluation Of The Calvin Klein The multiple definitions and understanding of the term ‘brand’ have created difficulties in creating a ‘grand theory’ for brands (i21). The meaning of brands has been continually changing as new understandings of the term emerge and replace the older understandings (i21). While a production centered brand theory focused on the creation process, especially the design, logo and advertising campaigns, the consumption centered brand theory emphasizes on the interpretation of brands by the customers (i3). Presently the brand theory has shifted from being production-centered, by differentiating products or services from its competitors, to becoming consumption-centered, by differentiating consumers from each other (i3) into different brand tribes. According to Aaker (1993 in 2), a brand represents a name, sign, symbol, design or a combination of such elements which uniquely identify and differentiate particular products or services from others. However, a brand i s distinct from a company’s name or trademark (i2) and unlike a trademark, which is a tangible item of intellectual property, a brand additionally incorporates the intangibles like identity, personality, associations and meanings; for example, Pepsi is portrayed as the â€Å"choice of new generation† suggesting Coca-Cola as an historical brand (i2, i3). In present scenario, different formats of brands exist, whether as family brands like Heinz, where each product exists under a single name or as standalone brands as in case of Unilever (i2) where each brand demonstrates an individual identity. Nevertheless, the aim of brands is to develop relationships with customers by creating value propositions related to functional, emotional or self-expressive advantages (Aaker, 1996 in 2). Today brands are acknowledged as assets on balance sheets similar to the values assigned to tangible properties. Private labels are the products produced under a retailer’s account and s old under the retailer’s brand or another brands through specific retail chains or retailers (pl2). Such products that are natural extensions of other product lines are ideal private-label products and they can build value and recognition from the customers. Private label products are usually not advertised and cheaper than the similar branded products as the entrance cost of such products at the sales points are eliminated. Hence private labels assume significant importance in times of economic downturns. However, they have also been associated with low quality. But the situation is changing with retailers offering premium private label brands, like the Tesco’s finest range, which compete directly with the national brands on the basis of their quality (private label1) and are now considered to offer high value (pl2). Nevertheless, consumer purchase behavior for private label product is tends to be product specific (Livesay and Lennon, 1978, in pl2). Brand leveraging i s a process which aims at reinforcing a brand by linking it to another person, place, thing or brand (i5). One popular way has been associating a brand with celebrities. Many of the popular fragrances in UK are associated with celebrities like Kate Moss, David all those targeted for women from 30- to- 45 years old and Eternity Moment targeted for young women. Brand extensions into other product classes (Aaker, 1996) can also be used to Leverage Calvin Klein.

The HIV Pandemic in the Black Community of Missouri Research Paper

The HIV Pandemic in the Black Community of Missouri - Research Paper Example In Missouri, HIV has been a thorn in the flesh for the community. St. Louis, the biggest metropolis in the state has one of the highest rates of HIV cases in the United States. KMOV, St. Louis leading Health Newspaper reported that more than five thousand people in the greater St. Louis area live with HIV with African Americans being the most affected social group. In 2010, 300 new cases of HIV sufficed. According to the State Health Department, over 75 percent of the cases affected African Americans. African American women were most hurt with 86 percent of the new cases victims being women (KMOV, 2011). This paper explores the problem of HIV in Missouri with emphasis on how HIV affects African Americans. The last section of the paper suggests the solution that offers solutions for the problem of HIV. According to Medicine Net, an online-based medical consultant, HIV is a virus that enters a group of specific immune system’s cells and kills them. With time, it makes the body to incapable of defending itself adequately from opportunistic infections. After about five years, the body stops manufacturing white cells. The white cells facilitate the body defense mechanism against diseases. With low white cell count, opportunistic infections certainly affect the body thereby affecting the body’s immune system. After a long period of incubation that can sometimes extend to ten years, the HIV causes AIDS. AIDS has no known symptoms because it works with opportunistic infections. The clinical manifestation of AIDS is a collection of opportunistic diseases. While some of the AIDS manifestations are severe such as TB, others are less severe and comparatively harmless like a common cold. There is no known cure for HIV although continued medical research has reduced the deaths ca used by HIV (Medicine Net Inc, 2012). Lyon & DAngelo (2006),  documents some of the most common causes of HIV.

Advanced Fire Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advanced Fire Administration - Essay Example The chief of police recognized and respected me over the years due to the services I led my unit to offer. It started with frontline supervision and rose to command with many daring rescues. The team leadership I provided with the support and trust of my unit led to effective decisions in a hard and demanding environment. I started as an active firefighter in 1983 where I held the ranks of lieutenant and captain by the year 1989. In 1989, my administrative duties began after my election as the departmental third assistant chief by my colleagues. By the year 1989 to 1991 I had risen to the first assistant chief of the department, it was, therefore, a pleasant surprise when in 1992, my colleagues saw me as best suited for the position of fire chief. I held this position for four years before serving as the vice president and fire ground safety officer to the fire company between 1996 and 2009 (Randy 56). In 2010, I became president to the fire company, this company which is the C.E.O for the fire organization. Its responsibilities were to offer detailed plans, procedures, and standards for implementation at a volunteer fire department serving a unique population comprised of large and small businesses, single-family homes, high buildings, and municipal facilities. My duties as president were to offer expert technical knowledge, to train and safely lead approximately 50 volunteer firefighters and engage in controlling and extinguishing fires to protect property. I also aided in rescuing people endangered by fire, reducing and trying to eliminate potential fire hazards, controlling hazardous materials incidents, coordinating emergency medical services, training volunteers in fire protection and prevention, operating and maintaining fire communications equipment, and advising on improvements to structures for better fire prevention.

Engineering manager doing research and analysis Coursework

Engineering manager doing research and analysis - Coursework Example This will need conscious effort from the student but is very effective. Practices like switching to eco-friendly bulbs, switching off electrical appliances when not in use, use of eco-friendly alternatives in everyday life contribute to the conversation of energy. Also use of recyclable and reusable products are advised as this reduces the waste that goes into the environment. Products that cannot be reused must be boycotted on the campus by the students. Students must get actively involved making their campus greener ad eco-friendly. Plants can be grown on the rooftops of dorm and apartment buildings. Waste reduction and management will also help to keep the campus clean and greener. Conscious effort in commuting can also be an effective go green initiative. Riding bikes, using mass transport options, alternative vehicles and energy, etc will reduce the stress that transport puts on the environment. Video conferencing can be used as an effective tool for communication in the campus and wherever possible. Use of paper must be reduced and softcopies of documents must be used as an alternative to printouts. These practices as a whole will help reducing overall carbon footprint of the student body. Introduction With global warming reaching alarming figures, it has now become a major global concern. There is a need for immediate action in order to curb global warming and reduce its effects on the environment. The governments, organizations, companies, institutions worldwide have woken up to the fact that there needs to take measures sooner than later to fight global warming. Going green or eco-friendly is now the most important social responsibility. This report is a recommendation plan to the University of Greenwich on various green strategies that it can adopt to enable students studying in the university to go green. Various green strategies and practices have been analysed. There are numerous green strategies such as water and electricity conservation, acquisit ion of alternate fuel vehicles for communication inside the campus, recycling, water preservation, green building, green power, waste diversion, reduction of emission of green house gases, green space and ecosystems.etc. But in this report only those strategies are suggested that will enable the students studying in the University to go green. Practice Energy Conservation This is the most simple of solutions and the one that is most difficult and neglected. Students must try to conserve energy wherever possible. Use less energy wherever possible. Switch the old fashioned light bulbs to latest one which saves energy. Use alternate energy wherever possible. Small steps like switching off your computers, lights and other electric equipment when not in use when practiced by a large number of people, in this case students, make a huge difference. Even setting the computer in sleep mode when not in use can save a lot of energy. Products that have eco-friendly alternative must be purchased even if it would be a little costlier as it will pay off in a long run (Swallow, 2009). For example, energy start products contribute to the cause. Items that are not being used such as appliances, cell phone chargers must be unplugged. Even though they are not being used, they draw electricity from the outlets (Carnegie Mellon, 2012). All students must be introduced to the various ways on conserving energy on a day-to-day basis and must

Types of Democracies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Types of Democracies - Assignment Example Bentham and Mill argued that a protective democracy must have the ability to participate in free and fair elections, right to free press, universal male suffrage, secret ballot and frequent elections make up the bulk of protective democracy. In such a democracy the government ought to ensure that there is disparity in the sharing of resources unlike any other system of governance where political leaders only serve their personal interests. The utilitarian theory therefore teaches the need for government to protect both the people and the capitalist markets. Excesses of protective democracies could hurt the capitalist markets since most people will assume security from the government making them poor and property less due to liberal anxiety. Another shortcoming of a protective democracy is that the government assumes that inequality will still exist therefore they are less concerned about potential threats that could be created by such an inequality. Protective democracies assume a ne gative view of the people. Developmental democracies have the advantage of assuming a positive view of the people. Unlike the protective democracy, this model encourages people to be assertive developers who can create their own wealth despite the government mediation during harsh economic times. Political and social analysts are opposed to this model stating that there can never be such a government where its citizens are equal and uninformed about political happenings in their countries. This cannot be true at any time and if it was a reality then it will be a hindrance to democratic politics. Pluralist democracy is a democracy that attempts to correct the inefficiencies of a developmental democracy. This model gives people the power to be free and participate in the political activities of their countries. It encourages competitive elections where even the less active people in the society can have a right to vote. The main disadvantage of a pluralist democracy is that not all

Systems And Analysis and Design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems And Analysis and Design - Case Study Example The next step is to merge the pairs of state-transitions into fragments as well as to put up a state machine diagram together with the states in the right succession. Step four entails looking for simultaneous paths. The last step seeks for extra transitions (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The UML diagram employed to indicate the states and transitions of an object is the state machine diagram. It can be made for any problem domain classes with intricate behavior or for keeping track of status conditions (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The guard-condition is a test or qualifier on the transition and it is a true/false condition that should be satisfied prior to the transition firing. In order for a transition to fire, the trigger must take place, and the guard has to estimate to true (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The domain model class diagram is a particular case. The domain model is essential to recognize all the domain classes needed in the new system. The domain representation is as well used in designing the database. The domain model class diagram and the use case diagram are the major models out of which others get information. The internal descriptions like preconditions, as well as post conditions in these domains, make use of information in the class diagram. These comprehensive depictions are also imperative for making the system sequence diagrams. Consequently, the activity diagrams, in depth descriptions and system sequence diagrams should all be constant regarding the steps of a given use case (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). Architectural design is an extensive design of the overall system structure. It is also known as conceptual design or general design. On the other hand, Detail design is a low-level design that entails the design of the explicit program details (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The domain model; generated during systems analysis, is used to

Independents study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Independents study - Essay Example Ordinarily, marketing is considered an activity or function performed by business firms. However, marketing can also be carried out by other organizations and even by individuals. Whenever you try to persuade somebody to buy something, you are performing a marketing activity. Broadly viewed, the essence of marketing is a transaction - an exchange. Marketing occurs any time one social unit strives to exchange something of value with another social unit. Thus, marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants ( Stanton, 1991). eMarketing is the "product of the meeting between modern communication technologies and the age-old marketing principles that humans have always applied.E-marketing or electronic marketing refers to the application of marketing principles and techniques via electronic media and more specifically the Internet. The terms eMarketing, Internet marketing and online marketing, are frequently interchanged, and can often be considered synonymous." eMarketing is the process of marketing a brand using the Internet. It includes both direct response marketing and indirect marketing elements and uses a range of technologies to help connect businesses to their customers. By such a definition, eMarketing encompasses all the activities a business conducts via the worldwide web with the aim of attracting new business, retaining current business and developing its brand identity. E-marketing involves marketing planning within the context of the e-business e-environment. So not surprisingly, the successful e-marketing plan is based on traditional marketing disciplines and planning techniques, adapted for the digital media environment and then mixed with new digital marketing communications techniques This research looked into the advantages and limitations of eMarketing in an attempt to guide prospective marketers in the sale of their products. The Research Problem This research tried to look into the advantages and limitations of eMarketing. Much has been said about these aspects of emarketing but a few so far had looked into the benefits and limitations derived from it. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions: 1. What is eMarketing 2. What are the advantages of eMarketing 3. What are the limitations/disadvantages of eMarketing Related Literature This part describes and discusses important concepts, ideas, judgments and opinions of experts and authorities on topics which have bearing on the present study. The studies and literature have been reviewed to provide insights and to help the researcher in formulating problems and hypothesis and aid in the analysis and interpretation of data. What is eMarketing eMarketing is essentially part of marketing. The American Marketing Association (AMA) definition (2004) is as follows: "Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders." Therefore eMarketing by its very nature is one aspect of an organizational

Systems And Analysis and Design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems And Analysis and Design - Case Study Example The next step is to merge the pairs of state-transitions into fragments as well as to put up a state machine diagram together with the states in the right succession. Step four entails looking for simultaneous paths. The last step seeks for extra transitions (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The UML diagram employed to indicate the states and transitions of an object is the state machine diagram. It can be made for any problem domain classes with intricate behavior or for keeping track of status conditions (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The guard-condition is a test or qualifier on the transition and it is a true/false condition that should be satisfied prior to the transition firing. In order for a transition to fire, the trigger must take place, and the guard has to estimate to true (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The domain model class diagram is a particular case. The domain model is essential to recognize all the domain classes needed in the new system. The domain representation is as well used in designing the database. The domain model class diagram and the use case diagram are the major models out of which others get information. The internal descriptions like preconditions, as well as post conditions in these domains, make use of information in the class diagram. These comprehensive depictions are also imperative for making the system sequence diagrams. Consequently, the activity diagrams, in depth descriptions and system sequence diagrams should all be constant regarding the steps of a given use case (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). Architectural design is an extensive design of the overall system structure. It is also known as conceptual design or general design. On the other hand, Detail design is a low-level design that entails the design of the explicit program details (Satzinger, Jackson & Burd, 2012). The domain model; generated during systems analysis, is used to

Unlike golf where a special course Essay Example for Free

Unlike golf where a special course Essay There are many social benefits associated with the game disc golf which are both personal and communal, despite the fact that it can be played alone. It is of great social benefit because it can be played by anyone; adults and children and by both genders; male and female, playing together in one game. Unlike golf where a special course must be prepared, disc golf is more advantageous as it is easy to play and can be organized and played anywhere because the designs of the courses are simple These courses are all over rural America as they can be found in beaches, in open fields or even in forests, increasing the chances of accessibility to the rural population who stand no chance for the more elitist end metropolitan golf or tennis which must be played on a specially prepared course (Disc Golf). Disc golf provides opportunities for quality recreation, which also attracts visitors and it protects the existing valuable natural resources. It has the benefit of preserving and promoting the unique character of the local community using the available resources that are limited economically; hence it is cheap to organize. The fact that its eighteen-hole course takes hours to complete is an excellent opportunity for recreation in terms of valuable popular pastime. The nature of disk golf courses does not distort or change the local landscape and the existing ecosystem. The serene rural atmosphere gives to the locals who engage in this kind of sport better quality in terms of life compared to their metropolitan counterparts. Players of disc golf are provided with benefits that are tangible, intangible as well as unique. The psychological outcome of the game serves in motivating people to participate and this leads to change in conditions such as improved health besides other benefits based on the general community (Maryland Disc Golf). One area of advantage in disc golf is the low cost of constructing a course. One hole takes the community between 500-1000 dollars. This is far much cheaper compared with the cost of constructing the course for regular golf or a tennis court. The locals are thus able to get recreational and health benefits at a low price. Besides, there are no incurred maintenance costs as in tennis or regular golf. Disc golf has led to an improved environment in several cases. Some areas which used as dumpsites have now been converted into disc golf courses, for example the De Laveaga Disc Golf course found in Santa Cruz, California, which was previously being illegally used as a dumping site for trash. All trash was removed and a disc golf course was created. The rehabilitation of some of these areas which were being misused is an excellent case of environmental conservation occasioned by the emergence of disc golf. These areas have become self-sustaining as a result of the funds brought by disc golfers who play here (Rules). This form of sport also has the benefit of revitalizing parks that are underutilized and whose facilities are deteriorating. Some parks which were being used by criminal gangs for outlawed activities are increasingly being turned into disc golf courses. Local communities have taken the initiative of developing new disc golf courses in these areas which were otherwise being used for activities that were destructive to both the environment and the morals of the general society. One such example is in Richmond, Va, whose local park had been taken over by drug dealers where they would transact their deals. This made the area a high risk-zone for locals who could not undertake anything recreational there. A considerable decrease in crime-rate has been reported since the establishment of the course. No more drug deals and vandalism has been reduced substantially, all courtesy of the disc golf course. Bad omen in and around the park has been replaced by good character. Disc golf is not confined to the above named benefits alone. It comes with social benefits too. Families can go on a trip, an outing or a picnic to the local park and participate in group golf activities by playing together, although one can still play disc golf alone. Mini-tournaments and contests are held weekly by area disc clubs. These leagues which promote socialization by bringing together members, new as well as old, who then are presented with an opportunity of sharing experiences (Vegas Golf Specials). The sport provides people who live in the rural areas an alternative way of spending their spare time usefully instead of engaging in some non-beneficial things like drug taking and robbery. Morals are preserved as more parks are built in areas which were otherwise being used by street gangs and drug dealers who, by association, spread their vice to the local communities (Rules). Disk golf is non-exhaustive compared to other games therefore anyone of any gender or age is able to play it. This is also attributed to the fact that the impact of the game is relatively low, therefore weaker people such as women and children are able to actively participate in it and get its full benefits. The sport is an activity of a lifetime necessitated by the fact that a player does it at the pace that they are able to. It is not strenuous. This adds to the game psychological as well as physical benefits to those who engage in it as it only takes one to walk a course and then throw the disc. Carts are foreign to this game (Siniscalchi Pierscalla, 2005).

Concept of Care and the Nursing Metaparadigm

Concept of Care and the Nursing Metaparadigm Caring is a core element in nursing even yet it remains elusive to the entire nursing metaparadigm. All nurses as required by their profession must be caring. For it is through caring that nursing derives its uniqueness and contributes significantly to health care (Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, and Kirkham, 2002). This is not only the patient as an individual but the family and community as well. Further as the nursing profession continues to take on some of the roles of physicians, it is important to differentiate the profession from that of physicians. Caring seems an obvious component of nursing yet does not feature in the nursing metaparadigm for a number of possible reasons. First, there is a possibility that caring was perceived to be synonymous to nursing. It is true there is little understanding and agreement on what the term refers to. Again, a focus on caring was perceived to delimit the nursing territory (Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, and Kirkham, 2 002). The variability of care makes scientific inquiry almost impossible. It is indeed true that medicinal treatment alone can guarantee healing. This however, becomes tricky with the aged, frail people and those suffering from chronic diseases. These groups of persons need care. According research and experiences recorded by nurses; once patients are well taken good care of, it helps boosts their chances of recovery. This is because sickness, even when traced from traditional societies, was perceived to interact with environment, family, community, spirit and the individual persons. The better an individual feels the greater are his or her chances to respond positively to treatment. This good feeling can be provided by the nurse who establishes confidence, a bond and trust with the patient. Caring is therefore an important concept that needs to feature in the nursing metaparadigm. Without this concept nurses may not be well able to execute some of their duties successfully. Concepts and Metaparadigms Concept refers to terms that define phenomena occurring either in thought or nature (McEwen and Willis, 2006). Concepts normally contain some attributes which help to distinguish them. Since the formulation of concepts employs the use of words, concepts can be broadly be categorized as either concrete or abstract. The former can be perceived by the common senses and include concepts such as universe, passion, ground, which are symbolic and a representation of phenomena. On the other hand abstract concepts include love, anger, passion etc. All these terms are particular to an entity and for that matter descriptive in nature. Concepts can be formulated using a single word, two words or a phrase (McEwen and Willis, 2006). Examples of single word concepts include death, fear, anxiety etc. The concepts with two words can take the form of mutual agreement, self-fulfillment etc. There are concepts which take the form of a phrase such as user-friendly services, environmental conscious behavi or, poor service delivery etc. There are many concepts in different disciplines which help to differentiate one from the other. For the reason purpose of systematic study of nature, it is important to come up with concepts that are clear (Duncan, Cloutier and Bailey, 2007). This becomes a stepping stone that gives researchers and scholars a grasp of reality. It also makes the study of phenomena easier. Also in order to communicate meaning clearly to readers there is need for scholars to avoid ambiguity. This means that every time a term is used in a particular context, scholars must endeavor to define it to ensure proper interpretation. On the other hand metaparadigms define a discipline and set the boundaries with other disciplines. It gives the discipline a global perspective which is useful for the practitioners of the discipline to observe phenomena within their parameter (Van Wyk, 2005). In most cases it comprises a range of major concepts which act as its defining elements. These concepts within a metaparadigm act as limitations or boundaries of the discipline. Again, metaparadigm not only defines a discipline but also outlines its concerns. For instance in nursing metaparadigm we have four concepts which include environment, person, nursing and health. These concepts in general help to define nursing metaparadigm and set it apart from other disciplines or professions for that matter. A clear line is therefore able to be drawn between nursing and physician practice. This is possible because of the different metaparadigms. Evidence to Support Position Historically there are four concepts in the nursing metaparadigm which have been used to describe the context and content of the nursing profession. As much as the four concepts; health, environment, person and nursing continue to be embraced in the nursing fraternity, they have been a number of challenges and proposals being experienced and given as alternatives (Schim, Benkert, Bell, Walker and Danford, 2007). The nursing metaparadigm however, continues to be recognized by all professions in the field. Apart from the four components the concept of caring continues to be a contentious issue. For a long period caring has been ignored since it could not be subjected to scientific inquiry, measured and its impact determined (Thorne, Canam, Dahinten, Hall, Henderson, and Kirkham, 2002). In many instances the ability to cure by use of scientific means through medicinal treatments alone renders the role of caring obsolete. This however, does not apply to those who are weak, aged and suffe ring from chronic diseases (Castledine, 2009). These ones have to be cared for in order to boost their recovery process. Even with the many perceptions and definitions there seem to be an agreement on the components of care. The major focuses of these components are the physical, emotional and psychosocial requirements of the patients (Castledine, 2009). The patient needs to be cared for and in this case the staff is concerned primarily with giving care and little attention is given to end results. For this reason there is need to understand care in a far more refined manner compared to the traditional view of the same (Van Wyk, 2005). It is important for the care givers to be compassionate with those receiving care. The level of concern with the health of patients makes nurses not only to experience whatever the patient is going through but give hope and assurances or recovery. The nurse can also offer assistance in areas where the patients is unable to perform. There are also specific conditions and situations which call for care from the nurses. These problems may be social or medical. Most importan tly care much aim at the preservation of a patients dignity (Castledine, 2009). According to research carried out to examine how students perceive stories shared by nurses, researchers found out the views of four students which centered on the care as developing of trust (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). The stories told by nurses tended to encourage as well as make one student gain confidence to undertake similar experiences. This student in particular went into mimicking the behavior of the nurse such as the use of non-verbal communication thus leading to desirable results. In this way it became apparent to the student that through experimenting with some of the ways demonstrated and practiced by nurses, one could actually make a bond with patients. There is much excitement and one is encouraged to go and try it out with the patients. The view of another student tended to perceive a great percentage of caring resulting from being open to patients and at the same time listening attentively to what they say (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). This student emphasized the need to concentrate on the patient while withholding ones judgment. In this way the student perceived caring as being manifested in a number of ways but most importantly it was channeled towards trust and establishing a bond with the patient (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). Similarly, the same student craved for a mentor who would be instrumental to help her gain confidence, learn to care and see to an improvement of her nursing practice (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). It is true that the care shown to patients makes them feel good about themselves. The nurse should therefore endeavor to improve these skills in order to be successful in executing duty. Moreover, it is important for nurses to exhibit confidence, communicate effectively, respect and be available always to attend to a patients needs. This is a tall order which requires the nurse to be comfortable in a number of situations (Rayman, Ellison, Holmes, 1999). The only way to achieve this is through experience and to allow exposure to a number of situations. These experiences are gained from a number of places. Similarly, it was noted by the student that caring involves being able to stay current on nursing practices, ability to prioritize and doing what is right (Adamski, Parsons and Hooper, 2009). The concept of caring comprise of various attributes. These attitudes are essential to nursing as a whole. They include attitude, action, variability, relationship and action (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). Nursing as a profession pays much attention to relationship between nurse and patient. This relationship is initiated by the former with the intention of taking action. It is a relationship that calls for cooperation and respect from both parties. The patients require such a relationship for assistance as most of them are not able to care for themselves. In some cases the relationship has been perceived to be a form of friendship as there is concern and affection for one another (Rayman, Ellison and Holmes, 1999). The nurse being the initiator and most active in the relationship is a companion in the clients journey towards recovery. In order for this relationship to be fulfilling there must be intimacy, trust and responsibility. The nurse has the responsibility to develop a trusti ng relationship which comes with patience, openness, love and sincerity. Proximity to the patient is vital and important for the development of intimacy and trust. Since the nurse is in a professional relationship with the patient then all responsibilities are at facing to that direction. The person who is receiving care must be assured of well- being through responsible actions shown by the nurse. Professional care givers therefore need to act in the most current and knowledgeable manner towards their clients (Khademian and Vizeshfar, 2008). In this mission there are guided by professional ethical codes. For instance their conduct must be of high standard and also their decision making must be guided by principles of practice. In conceptual analysis of care there must be action exhibited by the nurse towards the patient. This is not only performing some activities for the patient but also ensuring ones presence at all times. The care giver sees the need of an individual and more than wiling to respond to these needs in a professional manner (Khademian and Vizeshfar, 2008). It is important for instance for the nurse to be interested in the patient as a human being worthy of respect and dignity. It is from her that the nurse will start to exhibit care for the patient. The most obvious of this kind of care is physical. In this case some actions that would make patients feel good about themselves. These actions may include a rub on the back, assisting the patients in and out of bed, chair, dressing and undressing etc. In some cases the nurses will have to assist female patients to do their hair and even apply make-up (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). All these ensure that the patients feel good about themselves. They feel their live has not simply stalled due to sickness but someone is more than willing to see them recover and carry on with the day to day life. A caring nurse must also exhibit a caring touch. As much as the action might seem small, its significance is great. It is a form of non-verbal communication important to establish rapport between the two and changes the perceptions of the patient towards the nurse. Actions such as holding hands, gently stroking the hair are some of the actions that cement the relationship between the nurse and the patient. The physical presence of the nurse is important just like emotional presence. The nurse must not only shares time and space with patients but also listens actively (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). There is need to be a part of the family and share their fears, hopes and aspirations. It is important at this time for the family and the patient to be assured that they are not alone. A nurse may seat by the bedside of the patient telling stories and contributing to whatever the family have to offer. It is simply the feeling of togetherness and appearing like one family. This is a holistic and genuine engagement of the two parties that helps build on trust and confidence. Caring as a concept varies in different circumstances, people involved and the environment at large (Daniels, 2004). Variability in care is therefore another way to describe the changing nature and fluidity of caring. For this reason the more a nurse practices care giving to patients the more experience gained. It is therefore expected of the nurse to offer care corresponding to environment and nature of the patient. There is need to understand that patients are different and need assorted care and attention. Importance to Nursing The introduction of the concept of care in nursing metaparadigm will help reduce emotional labor that always accompanies giving of care among nurses. In the work place nurses normally have emotional regulation which is likely to lead to emotional exhaustion or burn out (Huynh, Alderson and Thompson, 2008). In any organization and in nursing profession in particular it is vital that workers be able to feel their emotions and be aware of the personal costs associated with the services they give to patients. It is important to note that emotional exhaustion of the nurses can come as a result of a number of factors including depersonalization of the patient. As an attribute to care, variability must be taken into consideration such that patients are treated as individuals (Brilowski and Wendler, 2005). This cannot be easily achieved if the nurse has not been oriented on some of the principles of care. His or her individuality must be taken into account. Caring gives nursing its uniqueness hence the reason for nurses to be directly involved in care giving. In the modern health care however, the role of care giving is remotely executed by the nurse. For instance it is common for support staff to aid in care giving while under the supervision of a nurse (Clifford, 1995). In this case the role of the nurse is reduced to that of a supervisor and therefore contact with the patient is reduced. The all important link between the nurse and the patient is cut. This makes treatment to be a long and complicated experience for both the nurse and the patient. In defining nursing as a formalized manner of giving care then it becomes easy for the nurses to respond to the needs of patients with compassion. There will be little or no pressure at all for the nurses to fulfill demands that are farfetched from nursing. Their activities as care givers will be guided by the need to respond to health care. The available resources will therefore dictate the activities of the nurses (Clifford, 1995). Through the experience gained in caring for the patients, nurses feel empowered and become mush tolerant of uncertainty. Since an individual is able to connect with the patients, it becomes easy to respond to their needs (Daniels, 2004). In addition the satisfaction gained through work is increased as the nurse becomes energized and passionate about work. It is for the same reason that the nurse is able to empathize with the patient. The nurse is close to the patient and attends to all demands being made, it quickens the recovery progress. The patient is not ashamed to communicate and share deep feelings. On the other hand the nurses are well able to experience the illnesses thus increase their understanding. In this way it becomes easier to attend to similar cases in future. Care education is also essential in nursing profession more so preparing nurses for care in their profession. As much as the theory of care differs greatly from the life experiences in the field; still the need to get the education is vital. Once the students have gotten the knowledge in school it will help change their attitude and more importantly give them a clue of what to expect in their work. This knowledge is essential for preparation and also in laying down a framework for the nurses such that they are aware from the onset what is entailed in their profession (Clifford, 1995). In addition the knowledge is important for the sake of contemporary practices in health care and gives insight to the future of nursing. For a long time nursing as a profession has been misunderstood and portrayed negatively. The inclusion of caring in nursing metaparadigm is important in the creation of a good public image for the nurses and the profession. Once the public has a good image upon a profession it helps boost recruitment and also change the nurses attitudes towards work (Takase, Maude and Manias, 2006). The nurses will also improve on their self-image which largely contributes to performance in the job. Conclusion There is still much debate on whether or not the concept of caring should be included in the nursing metaparadigm. In the nursing profession this concept continues to be controversial. The reason for this controversy is the fact that nurses continue to give care despite the concept being ignored. This may appear simply as an ignored concept but in reality it has been and remains part and parcel of the nursing profession. In fact there are those who have equated nursing as a whole to caring. In this case caring seems to have been a metaparadigm of nursing alongside health, person, and environment. In the modern health care, nurses have delegated the role of care to subordinate staff while maintaining the role of supervisors. As much as the nurse is still in control, there is lack of attachment with the patient. The public opinion of nursing is far from impressive as most of the people are ill informed about the profession. The majority tend to think nursing to be synonymous to caring. The nurse is perceived as a subordinate to the physician, receives instructions from the doctors, earns less salary etc. All these are stereotypes most of which emerge from the tradition role of the nurse as a care giver. This caring is understood casually with little understanding of the profession. It is for the same reason that people feel they know quite well the role of the nurses. For this matter they are ready to judge on the delivery of services. It is important for the nurse to be respected, seen to be compassionate, concerned and competent. The importance of caring is not only confined to the nurses but the family and the patient as well. Most importantly however, is the fact that caring will help increase the rate of healing and health thus lighten the work of the nurses. It is significant to all involved in the entire process of healing as it reduces anxiety and fear for both the family and patients. In this way it helps to empower the patient, give comfort, hope, security and self-esteem. Eventually, nurses are able to enjoy their work. This is as a result of the nurse being perceived differently by the patient thus boosting morale. Caring should therefore be incorporated in the nursing metaparadigm since it will be a major boost to the profession. The nurses will feel good about their profession as they are trained, gained experience and able to develop a relationship with patients.

The Master Speed by Robert Frost Essay -- Robert Frost Poem Master Sp

'The Master Speed' by Robert Frost Throughout the poem The Master Speed, Frost addresses the idea that marriage is a sacred bond that must be treasured all through our lives. The main reason for the apparent matrimony theme was due to the engagement of Frost's daughter. Because of this great influence over his life, Frost reiterated the advice to his daughter to stay at 'the master speed'; in order to fully enjoy the rest of her life as well as her future commitment. By this Frost suggests that one should not rush through life but instead take in life, nice and slow so that it may be savored. Frost first presents this idea by metaphorically discussing the spectacular abilities his daughter possesses but refuses to use. In the first quatrain, the poet suggests that his da...

Comparing Stereotypes and Stereotyping in Measuring My Blood and The Ar

Conformity and Stereotypes in Measuring My Blood and The Artificial Nigger    Adults frequently make conscious attempts to pass on their values and judgments concerning a number of matters to younger generations by sharing their own views. Generally, the advice they pass on is helpful for one to become a successful, productive member of the general population; however, this process of indoctrination can be harmful if the views shared by the elder are racist. Gerald Vizenor's "Measuring My Blood" and Flannery O'Connor's "The Artificial Nigger" explore the circumstances in which racist individuals try to induce others into following stereotypical ideas and how their influence can lead to a negative outcome.    One reason older people project their negative, racist attitudes is so that they may boost their own self-image. For example, in O'Connor's "The Artificial Nigger," Mr. Head acts as if he were the world's foremost authority on African-American issues since he has interacted with them during several brief occasions in the past. In Nelson's uncultured opinion, his grandfather's seemingly unendless knowledge about black people is impressive, and "for the first time in his life, he understood that his grandfather was indispensable to him" (257). The elderly grandfather enjoys the rare occurrence of having Nelson look up to him and respect his authority. Generally, Nelson merely looks at his caretaker as just another poor, unsophisticated country redneck incapable of furthering his own well-being; however, when the issue of black people is brought to attention, he is finally taken seriously. Otherwise, Mr. Head is just an unsophisticated man who gains his sense of self-worth b y abusing minorities. ... ...is the transfer of racist ideas through the use of indoctrination. While the main difference between the two stories lies in the way a seemingly trustworthy source shares its stereotypical ideas with either a single individual or a large group, indoctrination, as evidenced in both stories, can be hurtful and damaging. Some individuals, such as Gerald Vizenor are able to see the racism often associated with the sharing of ideas, but other, less intelligent or caring people simply accept other people's opinions as their own.    Works Cited    O'Connor, Flannery. "The Artificial Nigger." The Complete Stories of Flannery O'Connor. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1971. 249-70. Vizenor, Gerald. "Measuring My Blood." Native American Literature: A Brief Introduction and Anthology. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. New York: Harper Collins, 1996. 69-74.

Language skill is essential tool in the job market Essay

Language skill is essential tool in the job market. Being able to speak a prefect english language is a skill that a person have over other graduates and being able to boost up the chances of getting the job. English language proficiency works as a determination of people’s opportunity to get a job. Hence it can be concluded that a persons ability and perseverance of a language plays an important and vital role in future employment. A person must have the ability to convey their ideas with a good english and to achieve it a daily practice of the language will give a better result. A better understanding of the language will secure a place for a better job. The characters in both articles teaches that we can improved the language skill if we try to our best. If we got enough self-motivation, it is possible brush up our language skills in our spare time. There are plenty ways to practice and improve the english language skill and one of it is through learning new words from dict ionary. Other than that, Amy tan in her article â€Å"Mother Tongue† celebrates the fact that she did not follow the expectations that people had of her because her maths are better than her english and of her struggle with writing and language. Its shows that self-determination contributes to the success. I agree with you that it is essential that we properly understand the role that English plays and will play in our daily life. For many jobs, communication skills in English are in increasing demand. English is becoming a basic requirement for a job. Importance of the English language in the workplace continues to be a top concern among employers. A person who are more competent, fluent and impressive in speaking in English than other graduates have better opportunities in the job market. Every employee faces interview before getting a job. If that person is not suitable for the respective job in terms of English language, the chances of getting the job will be low.Hence, a good english language skill is important to secure a better job. The characters of both articles also says that we can learn and improve English language if we have a self-motivation and improve our daily communication. We can started with a simple English and improve it day by day .

Communication and professional relationships Essay

Assessment task – TDA 2.3 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults. 1.1) Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people Establishing relationships with children and young people can be hard, especially within a school environment. Ground rules must be established, in order for there to be mutual respect. It is important that the child/young adult understands that you are there to support them, but not to be their friend. It is important to understand the age of the person you are communicating with – what issues and problems may be affecting them, at what is significant to their lives at that time. This understanding will enable you to support them effectively at any phase of their life. Simple things like maintaining eye contact when speaking, and listening and commenting appropriately, ensure that the other person knows you have heard and understood what they have said. By setting a good example, you show children what is appropriate, and how to communicate correctly with each other. Something as simple as praising a child for correct behaviour is enough to inspire them to repeat it, and also inspires others to do the same. By using positive behaviours, you inspire a positive result. Five key things to remember when building and maintaining any relationship within the school are: Always remain professional: no bad language, inappropriate conduct, and don’t bring your home life to work with you. Treat others with respect. It is surprising how well they will respond! Notice the efforts and achievements of others, staff or students, however small. Give practical support when it is needed. Always avoid gossip, and negativity, within the workplace. 1.2) Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young person’s stage of development. By the time the child/young person has reached the age range of key stages 3 – 4, they will most likely have a different style of communicating from stages 1-2. They may have a better attention span, be able to immerse themselves in tasks for longer periods of time, and communicate about their activities in a more adult manner. At key stage 1-2 you can expect children to lose focus easily, with play being more interesting than class work, and  they will be far more excitable. It will be important to recognise, and adapt, to each age level, and encourage behaviour that is expected at that age, and discourage behaviour that is not. As children age, it is inevitable that language will become less formal, and they may well be less willing to contribute in a discussion, or speak out in class, due to heightened self-awareness, and less self-confidence. They will also start using different methods of communicating – email, instant messaging, and social networking are becoming more and more common, with children as young as 5 having Facebook accounts and virtual profiles. An understanding of these technologies will be useful to support children to stay out of danger. As a teaching assistant, it is important to help those who are less outgoing, and support them to make themselves heard. You can do this by quietly encouraging them to put up their hand and answer a question, or even by setting them goals to speak up once a day. It is important to recognise each achievement of a child or young person, no matter how small it seems to you, as it is likely that it would be a big accomplishment for them. Changing the style of language that you use will help interaction with different age ranges, but children and young people are always conscious of how adults communicate with each other – and it is this observation that teaches them for the future. 1.3) Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people Disagreements between students (and staff) usually happen at either break, or lunch time. With any argument or disagreement, it is important to find out what happened. This includes each person’s opinion of what happened, from the beginning, in their own words, and how it made them feel. Each person must feel that they have been listened to and understood, and that they have had a fair chance to say their piece. It may be that you need support from other members at this stage, especially if the debate has become heated! Once all sides have been heard, you can decide how to progress. An apology may be needed from one party, or if a misunderstanding has taken place, it may be appropriate to sit everyone down together to discuss the incident as a group. It is important with all students that they understand the link between emotions and behaviour, and how their own behaviour can affect the others around them. By talking in groups, everyone can appreciate how their own behaviours and emotions contribute to the well-being of the other students. 1.4) Describe how own  behavior could†¦ Promote effective interactions with children and young people Your own behaviour, as a teaching assistant, can have a very positive affect and influence on the children and young people you help and support. If they see that you are being respectful, courteous and tolerant, listening attentively, being kind and understanding with the children and adults surrounding you, and that you are recognising their achievements and ideas, then children will hopefully, in turn value and respect one another. Impact negatively on the interactions with children and young people If children or young people see that you are rude to someone, for example a member of staff; not saying please or thank you, interjecting in conversation, or not paying attention when someone is talking to you, they may well think that these are acceptable behaviours. Children and young adults may also may not find you approachable, and not be so keen to come to you with their problems, issues or concerns. 2.1)Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults Adults working within the education profession should expect an environment of mutual support, and openness. However, this is dependent on the attitude of each individual, and their commitment to maintaining positive relationships. Staff should work in a team – there should be no lone working in schools, and the team should communicate positively with each other, parents, and professionals from outside the school. You will need to remain professional even outside of the education setting. For example, you might be out at the Christmas party, with friends, colleagues, or even parents of the children you support. You need to be trustworthy – avoid talking about people in a negative way, this will only impact you negatively in return. Be respectful of others: you not always see eye to eye with a colleague, but listening to what they have to say, and valuing their ideas and opinions helps keep communication open. There are varied ways and means of supporting individuals, but the PIPE acronym is a good way to remember the basics: Practical: This may be as simple as helping someone who is unfamiliar with the class room layout or school surroundings, or assisting a disabled student to navigate a corridor Information: You may be required to pass on material about a situation, or be asked to a write reports on the student you are supporting Professional: This could be by helping the teacher or session leader with their lesson plan, or you may be asked if you can assist and observe a new member of staff Emotional: This could be anything from supporting a student with an emotional situation, to talking to a colleague at lunch time about a stressful incident, or even just keeping a good sense of humour during a difficult time. 2.2) Describe the importance of the adult relationship as a role models for children and young people Children will be leading by example, and will want to come to school if the environment is positive, constructive, and supportive. Communication and support between team members should be practical, informative, professional, and emotional, and as a role model in the school environment, this should reflect in the relationships that that team has with students, and other adults. Whilst at work you must remember to leave your personal feelings, and home life, at home. However stressful life might be, the children and young people you support need your concentration and focus to enable them to achieve their goals. Negative behavior can impact those around you, and make for an uncomfortable working environment for all involved. 3.1)Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development Communication techniques will differ depending on the ages of the person. Young children will need more reassurance than older children, to ensure they feel safe, and are doing the right activity in the right way. Young children will be anxious to see their parents during the first term, often asking how long it will be until they can go home. Supporting them at this time is crucial, as it can make school a rewarding, exciting place if they are encouraged and nurtured in the right way. Teenagers will likely need more guidance, and some help to talk about their issues, problems and thoughts. TAs will need to adapt their vocabulary when talking to different age ranges, so that they can be understood. Communication can be verbal, nonverbal, informal and formal, as they learn to communicate and adapt using these different types of communication as they mature. 3.2)Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people There are similarities between the age ranges, in terms of communication techniques, such as maintaining eye contact and interest, listening to what is being said and responding appropriately, and treating the student with the courtesy and respect that you would expect yourself. Always be clear with your dialogue: don’t use unnecessarily complicated language or sarcasm, make sure that what you have said has been understood, and keep your instructions clear and precise (no long lists), and always stay professional. However, there are differences between the communication techniques used for children and adults. For example, the relationship that you have with a child in the school setting is that of a carer, and may appear patronising if used on others. An approach that was successful in the classroom when supporting a student to understand a maths problem, may not be an appropriate approach when speaking with a colleague or co-worker. Children copy adult behaviours, so keep this in mind when communicating with them! Show respect for your colleagues and children will pick up on this, and show respect for their peers. Acknowledge the contributions of others, and say thank you, even if you don’t always agree. Remember that as an elder in the school environment, you will be looked to as a role model. 3.3)Identify examples of communication difficulties that may exist It is likely that communication difficulties will be encountered occasionally, within the school environment, but there are ways to avoid this happening. There are many, many examples of communication difficulties that could arise in the school environment, some examples of potential problems are: speech delay impairment With any one of these examples, a care package/person centred support plan would accompany the student, and it is essential that all staff who work with them has read and understood every element of it. 3.4)Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs To support your students, and team, effectively, you will need to be constantly adapting your communication style. This will depend on the needs of the individual, and you will need to be aware of their potential problems. As a good teaching assistant, you should be able to quickly observe as assess the situation, in order to cope effectively and ensure a positive result. You will need to detect any sensitivity in the student, and support them if they are nervous or shy about speaking. Some examples of good communication are: Speak slowly and clearly. Do not interrupt. However tempting it may be, the person needs the opportunity to speak without interjection. Arrange a translator in advance if required. Whether it is for a foreign language or signing, it is crucial that this be prepared for, to spare the student and embarrassment or upset. Use different methods of communication – if a student is struggling with verbal instruction, get creative! Use flash cards, drawings or hand signals! Maintain eye contact, respond appropriately, and use positive body language. Be empathetic: a child hearing the words â€Å"I understand† can be comforting and reassuring. Have respect for the speaker, don’t allow yourself to be distracted by other conversations. These are the basics for communication with a child, young adult or colleague. In any situation communication can be adapted to be appropriate for the audience, such as: Think about the situation or occasion, and with whom you are speaking. The context of your communication makes a difference both in the way you engage with others, and in the way they interpret your communication. To adapt effectively, you need to understand who you are talking with. See things from their view, and tailor your communication to them as much as possible, by using the points above. Acknowledge that there are differences in personality, whether you are speaking with children are adults. Some children might appreciate a  light hearted approach, whereas the head teacher will expect professionalism at all times. Be intentional with the language you use. Words can help you quickly connect with someone, but they may also offend them. A joke that was funny in the staff room may be wildly inappropriate in the classroom! Avoid using sarcasm with children. It is generally considered as a negative form of humour, and may easily be misunderstood. Choose words based on the age, education, and literacy level of the person you are talking to. By assuming that someone understands the level at which you are speaking, you could easily offend them. 3.5)Describe how to deal with disagreements between†¦ The practitioner and children and young people Dealing with disagreements can be difficult. You cannot always say exactly what you are thinking, and in order to remain professional, you must always be polite, fair, and respectful. Disagreements and misunderstandings should be dealt with as soon as possible, preferably with another adult as a mediator. When dealing with a disagreement or argument between children, for example in the playground, you should not allow yourself to be drawn into any bickering. If the pupil does not calm down, or is particularly defiant, it may be wise to take a ‘time out’ from a difficult situation, in order to have the time and space to think about what has been said, and to calm down. You can then approach the situation logically and rationally, giving each side of the argument a chance to speak. It is important at this time that you remain supportive to each child, be polite, and sympathetic. The practitioner and other adults In a disagreement between colleagues, this kind of situation is unlikely to resolve itself if left, and it is uncomfortable to work in an atmosphere of tension. Bear in mind that this will soon be picked up by other staff and students. Avoid being drawn into disagreements, if they do not concern you, as this rarely has a good outcome and can often turn into negativity and gossip. Asking the advice of an impartial adult can also help to get an unbiased review of the situation, and how to progress from it. 4.1)Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information Whilst communication is the key to good relationships with students and colleagues, there are times when  information shouldn’t be shared with others, and it is crucial to know who, and when, to pass it on to. The key people working with children in the school setting should have a good understanding of the current laws and legislations that protect the children they support. These people are: teachers, teaching assistants, healthcare staff (nurses) and any principals/head teachers. There are laws protecting children, and staff, with regards to safeguarding information. The main legislation that governs the safeguarding of materials is The Data Protection Act 1998. This ensures that relevant information is not passed on without consent, and outlines what must be shared, in the interests of child safety. There are eight principles, regarding the principles of practice or information, and these state that information should be†¦ â€Å"used fairly and lawfully; All data about an individual must be obtained fairly, and lawfully. The individual must be informed of the purposes that the information is being collected, and who is going to process it. The new Data Protection Act covers personal data in both manual and electronic form, meaning that emails are just as safe as paper files, and must be treated the same way. With information kept in electronic form, appropriate measures must be taken to keep it safe. While a padlock may be sufficient for a filing cabinet, data encryption and regular back-ups may be required for information stored on a  computer. Under the Data Protection Act, all organisations that hold confidential information about individuals must be registered with the Information Commissioners Office. This helps to protect the information that is held, and ensure it is not shared unnecessarily. Training on safeguarding children is mandatory in the education setting, and this will provide all the information about the specific policies and procedures that apply to each school, and who to contact about concerns, or questions. Usually, the first point of contact for a concern or question would be the line manager, such as head of safeguarding or principal, or the Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO). The individual who provided the information is also entitled to certain rights, under the Data Protection Act 1998. Any individual can make an access request to view the information that is stored, and also to change, block or erase it. The information is also subject to protocols to ensure it is not used to cause damage or distress, or to make significant decisions, by means of an automated system. These guidelines, regulations and policies not only protect children within the education environment, but also staff. For example, at an interview or hearing, everything that is said can be written down, and safely stored for reference, only being shared on a need to know basis. 4.2)Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and th e limits of this It is important to reassure children that they will stay safe, and that you will only repeat what they have told you to those who need to know. Parental consent is usually required before information can be shared; however, if the pupil is at risk of harm to themselves or others, confidentiality can be breached. In all situations, it is necessary to tell the pupil that you will not be able to maintain confidentiality, and that you will have to tell someone else. It is crucial to be educated in the policies and procedures of the individual school setting, and to know who to turn to, should the situation ever arise. 4.3)Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached There may be times when it is crucial for staff to know sensitive information about a student, for example, if they are suffering a health condition that could affect them in the classroom, such as asthma or epilepsy. In these circumstances, an agreed protocol would be set up within the school, and all staff would be trained on how to manage  such circumstances. The parents of the child must give permission for the information to be shared, and the staff must do everything in their power to protect the privacy of every child, and adult. It is also required for the school to have designated first aiders, and for the children/young adults to know who these people are, in case of an emergency. There are certain circumstances in which a practitioner can pass on the information to the relevant authority without permission. If you become aware of information which led you to a genuine suspicion that a child is being abused at home, then it would it be right for the responsible adult to pass on the information. The general rule is that if you believe a child to be at a significant risk of harm then you should pass on personal information to those who would be able to prevent harm. Every school will have policies and procedures that must be followed in these circumstances.